{"id":218,"date":"2019-12-19T08:49:14","date_gmt":"2019-12-19T08:49:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/philosopical-falcon.w5.wpsandbox.pro\/2019\/12\/19\/travel-copy-copy-2-copy-copy-2-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-01-22T08:37:26","modified_gmt":"2023-01-22T08:37:26","slug":"osmanli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/?p=218","title":{"rendered":"\u0130SLAM\u0130 F\u0130NANSAL S\u0130STEM VE PARA VAKIFLARI"},"content":{"rendered":"

O<\/span>smanl\u0131 \u0130<\/span>mparatorlu\u011funa \u00f6zg\u00fc bir uygulama olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan para vak\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n ilk uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n zaman\u0131 kesin olarak bilinmemekle birlikte<\/span>,<\/span> 15. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki kaynaklard<\/span>a <\/span>II.<\/span>Murat<\/span>ve Fatih Sultan Mehmet\u2019in d\u00f6neminde kurulan para vak\u0131flar\u0131na rastlanmaktad\u0131r. 16<\/span>yy. da para vak\u0131flar\u0131 t<\/span>\u00fcm Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak faaliyet g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n

Geleneksel <\/span>gayr\u0131menkul<\/span> vak\u0131flar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak para vak\u0131flar\u0131nda vakfedilen mal\u0131n tamam\u0131 ya da bir k\u0131sm\u0131 nakit olabilmektedir. Daha ziyade nakit paralar\u0131n vakfedildi\u011fi ve yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. <\/span><\/p>\n

Paran\u0131n vakfedilmesi konusunda <\/span>f<\/span>\u0131k\u0131h\u00e7\u0131lar aras\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131<\/span>\u2019<\/span>dan buyana gelen tart\u0131\u015fma g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de devam etmektedir. \u201cSekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130mam Ebu <\/span>Zufer\u2019in<\/span> para vak\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n ana sermayesinin <\/span>mudarabe<\/span> yoluyla i\u015fletilmesi ve elde edilen gelirin vakf\u0131n esas amac\u0131 do\u011frultusunda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki tavsiyesi ger\u00e7ek hayatta pek uygulama alan\u0131 bulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda para vak\u0131flar\u0131na \u015fiddetli kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kanlardan birisi, belki de ilki<\/span>, \u00c7ivi-zade <\/span>Muhyiddin<\/span> Efendi<\/span> (\u00f6. 954\/ 1547)’<\/span>dir<\/span>. Zaman\u0131n \u015feyh\u00fclislam\u0131 <\/span>Ebussuud<\/span> Efendi<\/span> (\u00f6. 982\/1574) bu duruma m\u00fcdahale ederek, as\u0131rlard\u0131r halk\u0131n faydas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve yerle\u015fmi\u015f olan<\/span>
\n<\/span>vak\u0131f m<\/span>\u00fcessesesinin l\u00fczumunu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/span> Burada f\u0131khi tart\u0131\u015fmalara \u00e7ok fazla girmeden bu vak\u0131flar\u0131n kurulu\u015f ve i\u015fleyi\u015flerine g\u00f6z atabiliriz. <\/span><\/p>\n

Para vak\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n sermayesi hay\u0131rsever \u015fah\u0131slar taraf\u0131ndan vakfedilmekteydi. Vakfedilen para geri al\u0131nmaz, vak\u0131f m\u00fctevellileri taraf\u0131ndan her y\u0131l i\u015fletilerek gelir elde edilir, bu gelirler vakf\u0131n amac\u0131na uygun olarak de\u011ferlendirilir, harcamalardan kalan k\u0131s\u0131m ise vakf\u0131n sermayesine kat\u0131larak bir sonraki y\u0131l i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. <\/span><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u00e7ok say\u0131da irili ufakl\u0131 para vakf\u0131n\u0131n faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Bu kadar \u00e7ok say\u0131da vakf\u0131n olmas\u0131nda <\/span>bir tak\u0131m<\/span> sebepler bulunabilir. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce <\/span>Osmanl\u0131\u2019da \u00a0\u015fah\u0131slar<\/span> \u00fczerinde ciddi sermaye birikimleri olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ile kurulan vak\u0131flar\u0131n sermayelerinin de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve yerel nitelikte kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanaatindeyiz. \u015eah\u0131slar\u0131n birle\u015ferek daha b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye guruplar\u0131 olu\u015fmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir vak\u0131f uygulamas\u0131na da rastlanmamaktad\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n

Para vak\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131lar\u0131 ile ilgili bir fikir edinilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan <\/span>Mura\u00e7<\/span> \u00c7izak\u00e7a\u2019n\u0131n<\/span> Bursa para vak\u0131flar\u0131 \u00fczerinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda 1667-1805 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 1563 para vakf\u0131n\u0131n, \u0130smail Kurt\u2019un \u0130stanbul mahkeme kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda ise 451 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemde 3951 para vakf\u0131n\u0131n faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini \u00f6\u011freniyoruz. <\/span><\/p>\n

Para vak\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fi ve fon kulland\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemleri \u015fu \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz;<\/span><\/p>\n

Para vak\u0131flar\u0131 m\u00fctevelliler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilmektedir. Paran\u0131n i\u015fletilme y\u00f6n<\/span>temi olarak genellikle; muamele<\/span>-i <\/span>\u015fer\u2019iyye<\/span>, <\/span>beyy<\/span> i\u015flemleri, <\/span>karz<\/span>-\u0131 <\/span>hasen<\/span> ve <\/span>m<\/span>udarabe<\/span>, <\/span>bid\u00e2a<\/span> ana ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131nda toplanabilir. <\/span><\/p>\n

E\u011fer vak\u0131f kurulu\u015funda <\/span>Nukud<\/span>-\u0131 <\/span>mevkufenin<\/span> nas\u0131l i\u015fletilece\u011fi konusunda bir y\u00f6ntem belirtilmemi\u015f ise, vak\u0131f y\u00f6neticileri olan m\u00fctevelliler g\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re yukar\u0131da belirtilen y\u00f6ntemlerden biri ya<\/span> da birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaktad\u0131rlar. <\/span><\/p>\n

1) Muamele-i <\/span>\u015eer\u2019iyye<\/span> (Murabaha) y\u00f6ntemi:<\/span> Muamele-i <\/span>\u015eer\u2019iyye<\/span> f\u0131k\u0131h kitaplar\u0131ndan bey-<\/span>ul<\/span>–<\/span>\u0131yne<\/span> olarak bilinen i\u015flemin Osmanl\u0131daki uygulamas\u0131 olarak ifade edilmektedir. Bu i\u015flem <\/span>ribaden<\/span> ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir y\u00f6ntem olarak bilinmektedir. F\u0131k\u0131hta \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc faiz olarak da tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olan bu i\u015fleme baz\u0131 f\u0131k\u0131h\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n cevaz verdi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Bu i\u015flemle ki\u015fi faize bula\u015fmaktan kurtulup ihtiyac\u0131 olan paray\u0131 elde edebilir. <\/span><\/div>\n

\u0130ki ya da 3 ki\u015fi aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bu i\u015flemde paraya ihtiyac\u0131 olan ki\u015fi, paras\u0131 olan bir ki\u015fiden 1 y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na veresiye ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mal\u0131 ayn\u0131 ki\u015fiye ya da 3. Bir \u015fahsa pe\u015fin satarak bir y\u0131l vadeli bor\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f olur. Bu i\u015flemle sermaye sahibi dolayl\u0131 bir i\u015flemle bir y\u0131l vadeli bor\u00e7 vermi\u015f olur. <\/span><\/p>\n

Muameley<\/span>-i <\/span>\u015eer\u2019iyyede<\/span> uygulanacak kar oranlar\u0131 ise ona <\/span>onbir<\/span>, ona <\/span>oniki<\/span> (%10 ile %20) aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte on<\/span>a<\/span> onbirbu\u00e7uk<\/span> (%15)\u2019un \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmamas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde devletin kad\u0131lara s\u0131k s\u0131k tavsiyelerde bulundu\u011fu bilinmektedir. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130\u015flemlerin vadesi konusunda bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama olmamakla birlikte genellikle bir y\u0131l s\u00fcre ile yap\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. <\/span><\/p>\n

Bu i\u015flemler ancak belirtilen <\/span>us\u00fcllerde<\/span> ve kad\u0131ya tescil edilmek suretiyle ge\u00e7erli kabul edilmekte, aksi uygulamalar\u0131n dava edilemeyece\u011fi ve bor\u00e7ludan talep edilemeyece\u011fi belirtilmektedir. \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n

2) Bey\u2019 <\/span>i\u015flemleri :<\/span> L\u00fcgat manas\u0131 satmakt\u0131r. D\u00f6rt alt i\u015flemden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Mal\u0131n malla sat\u0131m\u0131 (Trampa), mal\u0131n \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sat\u0131lmas\u0131 (yayg\u0131n uygulama), paran\u0131n para ile sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 (sarf) ve pe\u015fin para ile veresiye mal sat\u0131m\u0131 (Selem).<\/span><\/div>\n

2a<\/span>) Bey\u2019 Bat:<\/span> pe\u015fin sat\u0131\u015f olarak bilinen bu uygulama para vak\u0131flar\u0131nda fazlaca <\/span>raslanan<\/span> bir y\u00f6ntem de\u011fildir. <\/span><\/p>\n

2b) Bey\u2019 <\/span>bi\u2019l-<\/span>Vef\u00e2<\/span> :<\/span> Geri al\u0131m \u015fart\u0131yla sat\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle verilen krediye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bir teminat olu\u015fturmak amac\u0131yla ba\u015fvurulan bir y\u00f6ntemdir. <\/span><\/p>\n

2c) <\/span>Bey\u2019ul-<\/span>isti\u011flal<\/span> :<\/span> Kiralama \u015fart\u0131yla yap\u0131lan sat\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bey\u2019 <\/span>bi\u2019l-Vef\u00e2<\/span> i\u015fleminde e\u011fer mal\u0131 satan ki\u015fi o mal\u0131 satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015fiden kiralarsa buna denir. <\/span><\/p>\n

3) Karz<\/span>-\u0131 <\/span>Hasen<\/span> :<\/span> Faizsiz \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 verme anlam\u0131na gelen bu uygulama <\/span>\u0130slamiyetin<\/span> tavsiye etti\u011fi, ihtiya\u00e7 sahibinin ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesine y\u00f6nelik bor\u00e7 verme i\u015flemidir. Bor\u00e7 veren bir menfaat beklemez.<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
4) Mudarabe<\/span> ve <\/span>Bid\u00e2a<\/span> :<\/span> Mudarabe<\/span> emek sermaye ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bir taraf eme\u011fini (Paraya ihtiyac\u0131 olan) di\u011fer taraf ise (Para vakf\u0131) sermayesini koyarak ticari ortakl\u0131k yapmaktad\u0131r. Elde edilen gelir taraflar aras\u0131nda \u00f6nceden belirlenen oranlarda pay edilmektedir. Bu uygulama uzun vadeli, g\u00fcvene dayal\u0131 bir i\u015flem olmas\u0131 ve elde edilecek kar\u0131n \u00f6nceden tahmin edilememesi nedeniyle para vak\u0131flar\u0131nda pek uygulama alan\u0131 bulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca <\/span>m<\/span>udarabe<\/span> deki belirsizlik ve zarar riski m\u00fctevellilerin hay\u0131r ama\u00e7l\u0131 bu vak\u0131flar\u0131n sermayesini koruma g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fcyle uzak durmalar\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. \u00a0 <\/span><\/div>\n

Murat <\/span>\u00c7izak\u00e7a\u2019n\u0131n<\/span> Bursa para vak\u0131flar\u0131 \u00fczerinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bu vak\u0131flardan sadece d\u00f6rt tanesinin <\/span>mudarabe<\/span> uygulamas\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. <\/span><\/p>\n

Bid\u00e2a<\/span> y\u00f6ntemi ise i\u015fletilen paran\u0131n kar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 vakfa b\u0131rak\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu durumda vak\u0131ftan paray\u0131 alan ki\u015fi bu i\u015fi hay\u0131r ama\u00e7l\u0131 yapmakta, vakfa fayda sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemin de uygulamada kabul g\u00f6ren bir i\u015flem olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da belirtilen usuller \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde faaliyet g\u00f6steren para vak\u0131flar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 siteminde yayg\u0131n olan vak\u0131flar\u0131n fonksiyonlar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 g\u00f6rmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayr\u0131 bir \u00f6neme haizdir. Geleneksel vak\u0131flar Osmanl\u0131 toplumunda altyap\u0131, bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k, dini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hizmetler, e\u011fitim sa\u011fl\u0131k, sosyal g\u00fcvenlik ve dayan\u0131\u015fma-hay\u0131r hizmetleri yaparken para vak\u0131flar\u0131 \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n faize bula\u015fmadan para ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama vazifesi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca para vak\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir getiri oran\u0131 \u00fczerinden i\u015flem yapmalar\u0131 (Ortalama %15), yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde \u00fclke genelinde bulunmalar\u0131 ve ula\u015f\u0131labilir olmalar\u0131, kredi m\u00fcessesenin kurumsalla\u015fmas\u0131na ve para arz\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131na vesile olmu\u015f, bir nevi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz bankac\u0131l\u0131k sisteminin fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 icra etmi\u015ftir. <\/span><\/p>\n

Para vak\u0131flar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 toplumunda zamanla fonksiyonel bir geli\u015fim g\u00f6stererek ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan ki\u015filerin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 (Vergi \u00f6demelerine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak <\/span>gibi )<\/span>kar\u015f\u0131layan <\/span>avar\u0131z vak\u0131flar\u0131<\/span>, esnaf dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ren <\/span>esnaf sand\u0131klar\u0131<\/span>, yetimlerin mallar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde koruma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan eytam sand\u0131klar\u0131 ve yeni\u00e7erilerin kendi aralar\u0131nda dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla kurulmu\u015f <\/span>orta sand\u0131klar\u0131 <\/span>\u015feklinde de faaliyet g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Yazar: Y\u00fcksel Kele\u015f<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funa \u00f6zg\u00fc bir uygulama olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan para vak\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n ilk uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n zaman\u0131 kesin olarak bilinmemekle birlikte, 15. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki kaynaklarda II.Muratve Fatih Sultan Mehmet\u2019in d\u00f6neminde kurulan para vak\u0131flar\u0131na rastlanmaktad\u0131r. 16yy. da para vak\u0131flar\u0131 t\u00fcm Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak faaliyet g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Geleneksel gayr\u0131menkul vak\u0131flar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak para vak\u0131flar\u0131nda vakfedilen mal\u0131n tamam\u0131 ya da bir k\u0131sm\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1457,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-218","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-islikt"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/218","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=218"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/218\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1456,"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/218\/revisions\/1456"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1457"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=218"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=218"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=218"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}