\u0130slam iktisad\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli meselelerinden birisi faiz yasa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle faiz yasa\u011f\u0131 bor\u00e7lanmadan ticarete, finansmandan gelir sa\u011flamaya kadar bir\u00e7ok konuyu do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 olarak etkilemektedir.<\/p>\r\n
\u0130slam toplumlar\u0131nda parasal kaynak temininin ya da modern tabirle finansman\u0131n faiz yasa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 zaruret halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede olu\u015fan kurum ve uygulamalar da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda bir tak\u0131m terim ve kavramlarla ifade edilmektedir. Modern anlamda bankac\u0131l\u0131k kurumunun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ile \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131 da bu gidi\u015fata ayak uydurmu\u015f ve faizsiz bankac\u0131l\u0131k modelini benimsemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\r\n
\u0130ktisad\u0131n bir bilim olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, bankac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn kurumsalla\u015fmas\u0131 \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 da etkisi alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f, \u201c\u0130slam iktisad\u0131<\/span>\u201d<\/span> ve \u201c\u0130slami bankac\u0131l\u0131k<\/span>\u201d kavramlar\u0131 konu\u015fulmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu geli\u015fme \u0130slami \u00e7evrelerde bir tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 da beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\r\n \u0130ktisat, bankac\u0131l\u0131k, finans gibi terimlerin ba\u015f\u0131na \u0130slam kelimesinin getirilmesini do\u011fru bulmayanlar ile, art\u0131k g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu kavramlar\u0131n \u0130slami modellerinin kurulmas\u0131 ve i\u015fletilmesi gereklili\u011fini ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u0130slam kelimesinin bu kavramlarla birlikte kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunan iki gurup olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\r\n \u0130kinci gurubun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri yayg\u0131n \u015fekilde kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve \u0130slam iktisad\u0131, \u0130slam ekonomisi, \u0130slami ve faizsiz bankac\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130slami finans, \u0130slami sermaye piyasas\u0131, \u0130slami sigorta vb. adland\u0131rmalar yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun en belirgin ve ilk uygulamas\u0131 \u0130slam Kalk\u0131nma Bankas\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son d\u00f6neminde kurulan ve daha sonra T\u00fcrk Ticaret Bankas\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 alacak olan Adapazar\u0131 \u0130slam Ticaret Bankas\u0131 da bu \u00f6rneklerden biridir.<\/p>\r\n Peki! modern bankac\u0131l\u0131k d\u00f6nemi \u00f6ncesinde \u0130slam toplumlar\u0131nda finansman ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 nas\u0131l kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yordu? \u0130slam toplumlar\u0131nda finansman ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131n olarak sarrafl\u0131k, cehbezlikve para vak\u0131flar\u0131 gibi kurumlar taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. \u00d6zellikle para vak\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 usul ve y\u00f6ntemlerle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz kat\u0131l\u0131m bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Co\u011frafyan\u0131n geneline yay\u0131lan para vak\u0131flar\u0131, yayg\u0131n \u015fube modeli ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz kat\u0131l\u0131m bankalar\u0131 gibi toplumun t\u00fcm kesimlerine ula\u015fmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada yayg\u0131nla\u015fmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 ile \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda da ilk uygulamalar faizli bankac\u0131l\u0131k modeli olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Faiz yasa\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle bu bankalar\u0131 kullanmayan bir kesim ise faizsiz bankac\u0131l\u0131k modelini hayata ge\u00e7irmi\u015f ve t\u00fcm \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n Modern d\u00fcnyada \u0130slami bankac\u0131l\u0131k uygulamalar\u0131 da \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n faiz yasa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Bu alandaki adland\u0131rma da ise; \u0130slami Bankac\u0131l\u0131k (islamic banking) faizsiz bankac\u0131l\u0131k (riba free banking), Finans evi (finance house), faizsiz finans evi (la riba financehouse), \u0130slami yat\u0131r\u0131m \u015firketi (islamic investment corporation) gibi kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Bununla birlikte faizsizlik prensibine g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir\u00e7ok bankan\u0131n ise adlar\u0131nda \u0130slami \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131m yapan herhangi bir kelime kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\r\n \u0130slami bankac\u0131l\u0131k kavramsal olarak daha geni\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen faizsiz bankac\u0131l\u0131k faiz yasa\u011f\u0131 odakl\u0131d\u0131r. Halbuki \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n haram sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mal ve hizmetlerin \u0130slami bankalar taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilmemesi de \u0130slami bir uygulama olup, faizle alakas\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ancak her iki adland\u0131rman\u0131n da merkezinde faiz yasa\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Adland\u0131rma a\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan \u0130slami bankac\u0131l\u0131k, faizsiz bankac\u0131l\u0131ktan daha kapsay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. \u00a0<\/p>\r\n Faizsiz bankac\u0131l\u0131k konusunda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ilk uygulama \u00f6zel finans kurumlar\u0131 ad\u0131yla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f daha sonra kat\u0131l\u0131m bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\r\n D\u00fcnyada yayg\u0131n uygulama olan \u0130slami bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve \u0130slami finans kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00f6zel durumundan ve devletin \u0130slami uygulamalara yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan kaynaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir kurumun ba\u015f\u0131na \u0130slam kelimesinin getirilmesi ya da kanun ve nizamlar\u0131n \u0130slami referanslarla d\u00fczenlenmesi laiklik ilkesine ters d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gerek\u00e7esiyle uygulama alan\u0131 bulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n Son d\u00f6nemde ise \u201ckat\u0131l\u0131m bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/span>\u201d ve \u201ckat\u0131l\u0131m finans sistemi<\/span>\u201d gibi isimlendirmeler kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Dini referanstan ziyade sistemin i\u015fleyi\u015f modeli \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lan bir adland\u0131rmad\u0131r. Yani yap\u0131lan bankac\u0131l\u0131k uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00e2ra ve zarara kat\u0131lma esas\u0131na dayanmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131m bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 denmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\r\n Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede \u0130slami finansman modellerinin hepsi kat\u0131l\u0131m finans sistemi kavram\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Halbuki \u0130slami finans modelleri i\u00e7inde sadece k\u00e2r-zarar kat\u0131lma modeli bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu adland\u0131rma \u0130slami finans\u0131 tam olarak kar\u015f\u0131lamamaktad\u0131r. Halbuki \u0130slami finans modelleri aras\u0131nda; faizsiz bor\u00e7lanma, dayanak varl\u0131k ve ticari i\u015flemlerden do\u011fan gelir payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 (Sukuk), yard\u0131mla\u015fma, hibe, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f gibi uygulamalar da bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n Bankalar finansmanda arac\u0131 kurumlard\u0131r. Her ne kadar ki\u015filer ve \u015firketler bankalar \u00fczerinden finansman sa\u011flasa da banka d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir\u00e7ok kurulu\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6ntem finansman ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilmektedir. Kat\u0131l\u0131m bankalar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u015firketlerin de Sukuk ihrac\u0131 ile finansman sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bir esnaf\u0131n veresiye (vadeli) mal al\u0131m\u0131 da sat\u0131c\u0131 finansman\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.<\/p>\r\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kat\u0131l\u0131m bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u0130slami usullere g\u00f6re mal ve hizmet al\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren birtak\u0131m \u015firketler de faaliyet g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Son d\u00f6nemde say\u0131lar\u0131 h\u0131zla artan ve \u201cYard\u0131mla\u015fma\u201d, \u201cElbirli\u011fi\u201d esas\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bu \u015firketlerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu sistem \u201ct<\/span>asarrufa dayal\u0131 finans<\/span>\u201d kavram\u0131 ile ifade edilmektedir. Esasen t\u00fcm finansmanlar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131nda ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n tasarruflar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ki\u015finin kendi tasarrufu ile mal almas\u0131 ise bir finansman y\u00f6ntemi de\u011fil iktisadi bir i\u015flemdir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla finansmandan bahsedilemez. \u00a0<\/p>\r\n Tasarrufa dayal\u0131 finans Sistemine \u00fcye olan kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar ile organizasyon yapan \u015firketin aralar\u0131ndaki s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin f\u0131khi boyutuna g\u00f6re bu i\u015flemlerin; azalan m\u00fc\u015fareke, karz (bor\u00e7) akdi, \u015fartl\u0131 hibe, istisna akdi oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Bu sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler zaten kat\u0131l\u0131m bankalar\u0131nda da \u00fcr\u00fcn olarak uygulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n Sistemi i\u015fleten firmalar kat\u0131l\u0131m bankalar\u0131 gibi finansman ihtiyac\u0131 olan taraflar\u0131 bulu\u015fturan bir organizat\u00f6r konumundad\u0131rlar. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda taraflar\u0131n tasarruf gayesinden ziyade bir mal\u0131 alma g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fcyle bor\u00e7lanma e\u011filiminde oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ama\u00e7 tasarruf yapmak de\u011fil, ev ve araba almak i\u00e7in katk\u0131 ve destek verecek kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan tasarruf vurgusu sistemi tan\u0131mlamada eksik kalmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle bu adland\u0131rman\u0131n tam olarak do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanaatindeyiz. Sistemi ilk hayata ge\u00e7irenlerin vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta olan elbirli\u011fi-yard\u0131mla\u015fma kavram\u0131 \u00fczerinden bir adland\u0131rma ile \u201cYard\u0131mla\u015fmaya dayal\u0131 finansman sistemi<\/span>\u201d<\/span>demek daha do\u011fru olur kanaatindeyiz.<\/p>\r\n Faizsiz sisteme g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Kat\u0131l\u0131m ve yat\u0131r\u0131m bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, tasarrufa dayal\u0131 finansman \u015firketleri, ki\u015fi ve \u015firketlerin kendi aralar\u0131ndan yapt\u0131klar\u0131 faizsiz bor\u00e7lanma ve finans i\u015flemleri, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f, hibe, kullan\u0131m hakk\u0131 devri, gelir payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 gibi y\u00f6ntemlerin dahil oldu\u011fu t\u00fcm uygulamalar\u0131n \u201ckat\u0131l\u0131m finans sistemi<\/span>\u201d yerine \u201c\u0130<\/span>slami finans sistemi<\/span>\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 daha do\u011fru ve kapsay\u0131c\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n <\/p>\r\n Yazar: Y\u00fcksel Kele\u015f<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0130slam iktisad\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli meselelerinden birisi faiz yasa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle faiz yasa\u011f\u0131 bor\u00e7lanmadan ticarete, finansmandan gelir sa\u011flamaya kadar bir\u00e7ok konuyu do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 olarak etkilemektedir. \u0130slam toplumlar\u0131nda parasal kaynak temininin ya da modern tabirle finansman\u0131n faiz yasa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 zaruret halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede olu\u015fan kurum ve uygulamalar da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda bir tak\u0131m […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1454,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1057","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-isfin"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1057","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1057"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1057\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1455,"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1057\/revisions\/1455"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1454"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1057"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1057"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yukselkeles.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1057"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}